Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Napoleonic Era Essay - 1217 Words

Ideas, much like nature, survive the trials of time and overcome the obstacles of challenge to prevail stronger and more resolute; such is the case with warfare as it came about in the Napoleonic era, as it precepts have flourished and pervaded into current doctrine and practice. Warfare in the Napoleonic era is fundamentally similar to warfare as it is conducted at present, as the ideas of a national army, combined arms corps-centered organizational structure, and maneuver warfare prevail in today’s era. The Napoleonic Era saw the rise of the national army, comprised of citizens of France who had personal interest in the welfare of the nation instead of soldiers who were unemotionally attached and lacked loyalty to the cause. Prior†¦show more content†¦The officer corps, once dominated by aristocrats, became more professional as merit replaced status as qualification for promotion. Officer education also became a more established institution, and Prussia even created a war college to train staff officers. Today, the U.S. Army maintains a professional officer corps in which education is paramount to promotion and many resources are allocated to training centers such as the service academies, the War College, and numerous other Department of Defense mandated courses. During the Napoleonic era, the French restructured the Revolutionary Army into the model which is currently used by a multitude of nations and militaries today, including the U.S. Army. After the Revolution, the French pioneered the use of the combat division, which combined infantry, cavalry, and artillery assets along with a few additional support units. Napoleon himself noted that â€Å"infantry, cavalry and artillery cannot do without one another.† Evidence of the combined arms concept is seen in U.S. Army doctrine and organization today and has been used in numerous conflicts and wars as recent as Vietnam, the Gulf War, and the Global War on Terrorism. Napoleon also organized the various divisions, brigades, and battalions into corps which could operate independently and sustain engagements for short periods. Such corps were theShow MoreRelatedThe Napoleonic Era Has Remain Fundamentally Relevant Today987 Words   |  4 PagesNapoleonic era provided operational pract ices that remain fundamentally relevant today. â€Æ' The Napoleonic Era is an example of Revolution of Military Affairs (RMA) and is fundamentally relevant today. During the Napoleonic Era many scholars studied the techniques used during his nearly twenty years of military success two of the more famous scholars is Clausewitz and Jomini. Both scholars were on Napoleons staff and learned a lot from failure as well as success. During my paper I will discussRead MoreFrench Revolution and Napoleonic Era Worksheet1775 Words   |  8 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material French Revolution and Napoleonic Era Worksheet 1. Essay Explain, in 1,050 to 1,400 words, how the following ideas and ideals influenced the events and motivated the participants in the French Revolution: Liberty Equality Brotherhood Hubris Fiscal irresponsibility Democracy Technology The French Revolution was a quest for liberty, and centered on people who wanted their freedom. They wanted to be treated as equal participants in the community,Read MoreThe Battle Of Warfare During The Napoleonic Era1422 Words   |  6 PagesBrittany Adkins Dr. Knox History 1301 1 January 2017 Argumentative Essay Support or disapprove the argument that warfare in the Napoleonic era is fundamentally similar to warfare as it is practice today. Warfare in the Napoleonic era is fundamentally similar to warfare as it is practiced today. The Napoleonic era took place towards the end of the French Revolution between the years 1803-1815. Despite occurring over 200 years ago, the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) that occurredRead MoreThe French Revolution And Napoleonic Years1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution and Napoleonic years are very important to European history because they mark a time of great change and transformation, a time when Europe was in the thrall s of its rise to modernity. Two of the aspects of modernity brought to light during the French Revolution were the increasing importance of the middle class and the idea, though not necessarily the practice, of political liberty. However, some of strides made in France toward modern liberty were almost completely erasedRead MoreThe Battle Of Waterloo By Victor Hugo Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pagesimplications refute this claim. In terms of short-term implications, the Second Treaty of Paris, which marked the end of the Napoleonic era, dictated that the â€Å"frontiers of France [would] be the same as they were in the year 1790.† This meant that after the Allied victory in the battle of Waterloo, the victors established France’s borders as opposed to being vulnerable to Napoleonic France’s will to expand its territory. Therefore, the United Kingdom and the other European nations were once again in controlRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon I, is considered one of the greatest military leaders in history. He1300 Words   |  6 PagesRevolution Napoleonic Era† Owen Connelly Pg. 203). On June 11-12 Malta was captured and on June 30 the task force reached Alexandria, Egypt. The city was taken, and Napoleons army marched up the west branch of the Nile to Cairo. The first major battle took place during the formation of the Pyramids. With minimal losses the French drove the Mamluks back into the desert i n the Battle of the Pyramids, and all of lower Egypt came under Napoleons control (â€Å"The French Revolution Napoleonic Era† Owen ConnellyRead MoreNapoleon and The French Revolution, Questions and Answers1767 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognized merit. It became the highest decoration in France, and still is very honorable today. It was also a reward that could not be bought, so wealthy noblemen could not just earn it through their wealth. 4. Civil Code- Otherwise known as the Napoleonic Code, this set of laws was created and used by Napoleon in France and any of its succeeded lands or territories. This code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified appointment of government positions based onRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte On The Military Revolution1531 Words   |  7 Pagesallocating all the recourses to make the military revolution and to achieve his dream of unify all Europe under the control of the French . Napoleon and The civilian revolution, maybe the most important of his achievements in this domain was the Napoleonic code. It was the first written constitution in France which contains all the principle of the French revolution in on one volume. Furthermore, napoleon applied it in all the country without discrimination. This step was very important to unify FrenchRead MoreThe Triumph of the Congress of Vienna Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresentative was the French foreign minister Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, who was sent behalf of the French monarchy (Mikaberidze, 1047). The Congress of Vienna played an important role of creating peace in the European continent after the Napoleonic War, with two significant foreign ministers of two nations, Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria and Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand of France. Most of the decisions in the Congress of Vienna were made by the â€Å"great-powers,† which includedRead MoreHow Was Political Grandeur And Dignity Articulated Through Early 19th Century Architecture?1286 Words   |  6 Pagesof present day Paris. Neoclassical architecture with an emphasis on civil monuments was a method of articulating political grandeur during Napoleon Bonaparte’s rule as emperor of France from 1804 to 1815. Due to the instabilities caused by the Napoleonic Wars a new style of architecture did not develop during Napoleons rule, resulting in the continuation of pre-French Revolution classicism. With the intention of articulating imperialistic grandeur and referencing France as the â€Å"new Roman Empire†

Monday, December 23, 2019

Cyber And Or Internet Laws - 1432 Words

Cyber and/ or Internet Laws Cyber Law is the law that regulates the internet. Meaning, laws or a specific law connected to the internet and/ or computer crimes. Two emerging trends and legal issues involving cyber law are E-mail contracts, and cybersquatting. There are many more cyber laws, but we will just discuss these two today. â€Å"E-mail contracts are contracts completed using e-mail. E-mail contracts are enforceable as long as they meet the requirements necessary to form a traditional contract.† -Cooper-Blood, L. (Director) (2015, July 20). Traditional contract meaning it has all the elements of a written contract has, agreement, consideration, capacity, and lawful objective. Also it must meet the requirements of the Statute of†¦show more content†¦The theme behind the electronic contract law push is that technology is quickly evolving and in order for states and economy to keep up, contracts electronically created and signed must be valid and enforceable under electronic contract law.† -TechnologyLawyers.com. (n.d.). An example of an E-Contract legal case is Hubbert V. Dell Corporation. This case was a Putative class action lawsuit brought by five lead plaintiffs. The plaintiffs purchased their computers from the Dell website, the computers which they ordered contained Pentium 4 microprocessors, according to the defendant that was the fastest, most powerful Intel Pentium processor available; but the plaintiffs asserted the defendants representation was false, because the Pentium 4 microprocessor was slower and less powerful than either a Pentium 3 or AMD Athlon processors, but more expensive. The plaintiffs’ complaints were Dell violated the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Consumer Protection Act. The defendants (Dell) argued that the plaintiffs were bound by an arbitration clause in their Terms and Conditions of Sale, which was a part of the parties’ contract. When the plaintiffs completed their order in the Dell website they clicked through five pages an on each of those pages there was a hyperlink to the Terms and Conditions of the agreement

Sunday, December 15, 2019

American Popular Culture Trends and How They Affect Free Essays

American Popular Culture soc/105 August, 22, 2013 In late 19th century America made two tempting and attractive promises; freedom and land (The Johns Hopkins University, 2002). These promises brought many immigrants with the hope of seeing their dreams realized. America today is a multicultural country provides shelter to thousands of immigrants with different cultural background. We will write a custom essay sample on American Popular Culture: Trends and How They Affect or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Oxford Dictionary define culture as â€Å"the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively: 20 century popular culture† (â€Å"Culture,† 2013). The paper American popular culture attempted to emonstrate what popular culture is, three major trends founds in American popular culture, and how it affects personal decisions. In an anthropological sense, popular culture definition given by the authors of Common Culture: Reading and Writing about American Popular Culture, is â€Å"the shared knowledge and practices of a specific group at a specific time† (Petracca Sorapure, 2007, p. 4). Popular culture represents everyday elements. Popular culture is linking to a specific time and place. For that reason may be popular culture may be transient, subject to any changes and also can e an in initiator of change (Petracca Sorapure, 2007). Today, the United States is the chief manufacturer of popular culture goods. For this reason American pop culture is spread around the world through a varieties ot systems as newspapers, television programs, movies, fast foods, fashion, music, and other trends . There are numerous of trends. Three trends that seem to be those of major influences in American style life today are advertising, television, and technology. Those trends sometimes worked in our favor, but many people argued that they have been armful to the human life, especially those subjects relates with themes of economic and human personal interactions. Following an illustration of how those trends influences person’s life. Laura wants to have some fun, so she decided to enroll in a tennis team. Laura knew that probably she will need to have some expenses, so she designed a budget for what she thought will be her cost to play tennis. Exciting she meets the others team’s members but what happens was not expected. Her intention of fun turned into a very competitive, stressful, and expensive experience. Her idea of he expenses needs to include too, her team’s expenses goals. Team’s principal focus was to looks impeccable. Laura’s first plan was to wear any sport clothes with an accessible price, but wait a moment, for the team presence comes first even when that imply high expenses. Meeting the team’s demands Laura needs to buy the best racquet. Second, was â€Å"necessary’ that she makes sure to buy brand new tennis’ outfit from the Nike store, especially that outfit that Monica Puig wore at the Wimbledon tournament. To wear that cloth meant a tremendous suffering for Laura who was esperate because of her five extra pounds. She wanted to look as skinny as Monica does. Feeling overwarming for her five extra pounds, she decides to continue with her mission. Another important matter was not to forget accessories like the polarized sunglasses, Oakley’s last edition, tennis hat, tennis shoes, and the socks. It is not necessary to mention that the accessories should combine with the Nike’s outfit tennis, they must be the same color and brand, because remember â€Å"first dead than simple. Laura knows that her budget was out of control, but it was too late. The most important thing for her was that she was part of that â€Å"fantastic team. † This demonstration was to shown how advertising and some â€Å"rules of beauty’ affected a person’s decision- making. Advertising continually provokes an excessive consumerism. Roy Fox an America Journalist mentioned that people consume more than they produce (Petracca Sorapure, 2007, p. 58). The advertising is not the only trend influencing American popular culture; other major trend is the television. People are crazy to get into their homes and to fall into that recline able sofa with the TV control in hands. They barely talked to their children or their couple. Probably before watch the TV they will have more knowledge. For sure they will be aware about what is happening around the world, but their family relation is affects by that intruder that live with them. The technology is a main contributor for improvements in Jobs, academic studies, cyber-communications, and much more. However, technology has brought to our society many difficult situations as well. Some of the results of the advance technology are violence, pornography, psychological problems specially, in children who are constantly expose to violence video games, and lack of privacy. Sullivan (2006) said â€Å"the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked† (par. , 5) Today nobody knows if someone is watching or monitoring us. As demonstrated earlier, American popular culture has grown tremendously and with it, diversity, technological advances, better ways to communicate at long distance, medical advances, and so much more. Humans nas been under the control ot various predominant trends especially, those promoted by big Industries in the commercial fields. Societies are so into the new things that they are not paying attention to the cost of that way of living. People are unconsciously spending in things that they do not need, living by ridiculous standards of â€Å"beauty’ having as a result young teenagers and adults with a bad mental and physical conditions. People need to be conscious and to make good uses of the advantages than has been given in this times, but do not forget to have precaution and to be alert of possible dangers. How to cite American Popular Culture: Trends and How They Affect, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Competitive Strategy on KPMG Develop

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy on KPMG Develop. Answer: Introduction This assignment will provide an understanding of the competitive strategies of two organizations to develop two key ideas for running the sustainable business operations. The first task discusses the key idea of strategy implementation of product differentiation and its application to the organization of Wal-Mart for attaining a sustainable competitive advantage. The second task will analyze the key idea of business model innovation and its application to the organization of Microsoft for creating the technological innovation to its operations, products and services (Kaiser and Ringlstetter, 2010). The strategy is a keyword that aligns the organizational mission, vision, and values with the achievement of the organizational goals and objectives. The key idea for this is the competitive strategy, Product Differentiation that will play an important role in the achievement of the organizational goals and objectives. The implementation of the differentiation strategy will be aimed at attaining a competitive edge in the industry by differentiating the products and services from the competitors brands or substitute products. The differentiation strategy will include different in the pricing, product quality and design, and uniqueness of the service level. The idea of the differentiation strategy will create the innovation and creativity in the products, services, and operations of the company (Martin, 2014). The product differentiation will deliver the high-end services and value-added products to the customers by using the highly advanced technological operations, integrated RD effo rts, innovation trends, modified manufacturing operations, and scientific and engineering tools. Application of differentiation strategy to the Organization of Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is one of the largest retailing food suppliers that implements the competitive strategy of differentiation for attaining a sustainable competitive edge by beating the competitors retailing foods items or substitutes retailing food brands. Wal-Mart has been operating its retailing foods business for more than 100 years because of its product differentiation strategy. The implementation of the product differentiation strategy aligns with the organization vision, mission statement, and values for directing toward the business goals, and objectives. It implements the differentiation strategy for its product line, retailing foods items to attain a sustainable competitive advantage in the global retailing foods industry. Wal-Mart is one of the worlds leading retailing foods stores for offering a wide range of e tretailing food items, such as breakfast items, coffee, candy gums, snacks, canned goods, beverages, baking, pasta noodles, and organic foods products of its own brands (Sl ide Share, 2015). Wal-Mart uses differentiation strategy for offering the retailing products of the original quality, unique taste, and high brand value for creating the high brand awareness and customer responsiveness. The retailing products of Wal-Mart are most popular among the people and demanded in the huge quantities by the customers from different geographic markets around the globe. Wal-Mart is the largest supplier for the retailing foods products in the world that implements the differentiation strategy for offering the valued and exclusive quality of the foods products with the core ideas of the high-quality contents and nutrients, freshness, tasteful, flavorful, and energy efficiency in its foods items for meeting the foods demands and preferences of the customers. The differentiation strategy is a part of the Porters generic strategy that provides Wal-Mart stores a framework to beat the competitors product (Wal-Mart, 2009). The product differentiation strategy of Wal-Mart is highly dependent on the technological breakthroughs and innovation through the advanced production technologies, optimized research and development efforts, scientific methods, engineering ideas, and modernization of the manufacturing operations that assist the firm to dominate in the foods retailing world. Along with this, the low cost pricing of Wal-Mart stores creates perception in the customers that causes for the stuck of the customers in self-reinforcing loop of Wal-Mart and keeps them to visit Wal-Mart stores and purchase the retailing foods items as per their needs. Key Idea- Business Model Innovation The Business model innovation (BMI) is an organizational process that drives significant changes in the product or services for meeting the changing customers needs and demands. The business model innovation enforces adaptive changes in the organizational operations, business processes, and products and services as per dynamic market conditions, growing environmental impact, and diverse customers needs. The business model innovation enhances the suitability, sustainability, and adaptability of the products and services to the customers needs and market demands. The business model innovation is aimed at creating values to its stakeholders by meeting their needs, interests, and expectations (Ovans, 2015). It drives innovation and creativity in the organizational operations, activities, and systems through the technological breakthroughs and dynamics, disruptive innovation, advanced RD efforts, engineering ideas, and scientific methods for running the sustainable business operations. Apply Business Model Innovation to the organization of Microsoft Microsoft Corporation is the worlds largest computer technology company that specializes in the computer software tools, operating systems, windows programs, and server applications. It uses Silicon Valley business model for driving innovation and creativity to its products and services. Because of the uniqueness, the products and services of Microsoft are well known among the people and highly demanded by the people for supporting their computer programs and software applications. Microsoft Inc. has worldwide presence due to its unique computer applications, operating systems, high-end technological service solutions, and value-added software products. Due to its high brand reputation, diversified product portfolio, and global market access, the products and services of Microsoft are accepted to the global customers (Skillicorn, 2014). It uses the Silicon Valley business model that is based on two core principles of innovation and creativity. This business model brings significant c hanges and innovation in the production technologies, manufacturing operations, RD, and business processes of the organization that assist the firm to offer the value-added and high-end technological service solution in the form of computer software applications, server applications, operating systems, and windows programs for in the use of the customers to support the functioning of the computers or laptops. The business model of Microsoft includes the business operations of developing, manufacturing, and licensing the computer software products and services including computer software programs, operating systems, server applications, business and consumer applications, and internet applications (Digital News Asia, 2016). The business model of Microsoft is focused on meeting the technological needs of the customers by providing them the high-end computer technological service solution. The business model of Microsoft includes product diversification, focused market segmentation, technological advancement and innovation, customer relationship management and digitalized service operations to enhance the global brand identity, product performance, and customer responsiveness around the world. Conclusion From the above discussions, it can be concluded that Wal-Mart is the largest American retailing foods selling firm that highly focuses on the product differentiation for delivering the effective customer service through offering the exclusive taste, original quality, and valued-added foods products. Microsoft is the market leader in the computer technological services and uses the disruptive innovation business model for building creativity and innovation to its products and services in order to offer the customers the high-end technological solution. References Digital News Asia (2016). Microsoft, KPMG develop IOT solutions for business model innovation. [Online]. Available at: https://www.digitalnewsasia.com/business/microsoft-kpmg-develop-iot-solutions-business-model-innovation. (Accessed: 13 April 2017). Kaiser, S. and Ringlstetter, J. M. (2010) Strategic Management of Professional Service Firms: Theory and Practice. London: Springer Science Business Media. Martin (2014). Stand Out from the Crowd: Examples of Differentiation. [Online]. Available at: https://www.cleverism.com/stand-crowd-examples-differentiation/. (Accessed: 13 April 2017). Ovans, A. (2015). What is a Business Model? [Online]. Available at: https://hbr.org/2015/01/what-is-a-business-model. (Accessed: 13 April 2017). Skillicorn, N. (2014). Microsoft Out-Innovates Apple, Google with Radical New Business Model. [Online]. Available at: https://insights.wired.com/profiles/blogs/in-just-1-week-microsoft-out-innovated-apple-and-google-with. (Accessed: 13 April 2017). Slide Share (2015). Business Strategy of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. [Online]. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/luvnhok4ever/business-strategy-walmart. (Accessed: 13 April 2017). Wal-Mart (2009). The Business Strategy of Wal-Mart. [Online]. Available at: https://warlmart.blogspot.in/2009/02/which-of-3-generic-business-strategies.html. (Accessed: 13 April 2017).

Friday, November 29, 2019

Morgan Elizabeth PhD. Contemporary I ssues sexual Essays

Morgan Elizabeth PhD. "Contemporary I ssues sexual orientation and identity development in emerging adulthood" Am J Psychiatry . March 1985 Elizabeth Morgan is an Assistant Professor with the Department of Psychology and is the current director of the Family Studies Initiative. She received her Ph.D. in developmental psychology from the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 2008. Dr. Morgan's research focuses on adolescent and young adult sexual and romantic relationship development and sexual orientation. Much of her work emphasizes sexual orientation and sexual identity development, especially among young women and men. With her research mainly targeting college students. Dr. Elizabeth main point in the article is telling the reader that sexual orientation has many stages of identification. What she's trying convey the reader is an open perspective that sexual orientation can come in many different stages of life that young women are most likely to realize their sexual identity at a younger age do the fact women reach a maturity level that's higher than men at a younger age. How D r . Elizabeth Morgan is trying to convey to the reader is by a research that she did in 2010 she gathered a group of men and women form all different types of race, culture, religion and countries and her studies concluded that no matter what a woman would always know their sexual identity at a younger age. The author's qualifications are very o utstanding with her qualification's helping her with the study that she did in 2018 focusing psychology of young men and women. She published this article in Springfield MA in the year 2012 which does not affect her credential's do the fact of her study focusing on the target audience of young adulthood in sexual orientation . Her work contributes and adds a different perspective an d point of view with the nature part of my qu estion that no matter in what religion , culture, and country that women really found what sexual orient ation they are no matter the different variables. Some thing that I have found that comes up the same in many different articles that I read is that fact the men around the world with different cultures and and religion and background men take longer to accept their sexual orientation do the fact that she says in this article that men take away from a father figure more than women take from their mothers and that men growing up being influenced by dad more them women take from their mothers.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Argumentative Essay Sample on Travel and Tourism Pros and Cons

Argumentative Essay Sample on Travel and Tourism Pros and Cons Until recently, the gigantic tourism industry has been doing well, very well. In the year 2001, a recorded 688 million people were traveling internationally. As the tourism industry’s popularity grows, the image of travel and tourism begins to evolve. With a simple click of the button, your entire nine-day itinary to India could be planned, booked and paid for. No long distance calls to New Delhi. No two-hour busy lines on the United Airlines reservation lines. Traveling is as easy as ordering a pizza. At the same time as countries start to evolve and cater to the tourism industry, authenticity is lost. A distinction must be made between what is the tourist and the traveler. The essence of traveling is to experience something completely different from what is at home. Now, tourism is molded into what is familiar to us. It is no longer the culture of a society, rather one of tourism. When a trip is organized with online tour groups or packages, it produces a view of the country that is for the consumption of the tourist. They display a faÐ ·ade to foreigners of what they see as attractive or interesting. Tourism has become too much of a service. It is geared towards what the tourist would find familiar or comfortable. It takes away from the true mission of travel. Tour groups and itineraries are structured to offer the most efficiency throughout your travel. But travel in large groups, walking from bus to bus, hotel to hotel provides a very narrow experience of the country. I searched online, to find travel agencies and tour group advertisements for travel in India. On a National Geographic site, called iExplore, I found made-to-order exclusive with gold or silver package deals. The package houses the group at a Hyatt hotel in New Delhi. The site boasts that across the ocean, tourists can enjoy the comforts of HBO and mini-fridges. American channels replace, nat ive television. Coca-cola and Sprite replace Chai tea. The importation of American hotels isn’t the only culture that has snuck in. My mother has traveled through Bombay and Calcutta and commented on the presence of McDonalds’ and KFC in city centers. Chains are known and dependable and offer a taste of home. Unfortunately the countries lose their culture as an affect. An entirely new culture is developed out of the popularity of the tourism industry. Staying at Hyatt’s and eating at KFC only removes them from the original culture. The popularity of the new factories and chain restaurants requires construction and massive consumption of natural resources. In simple places such as Calcutta and Bombay, my mother noticed mass construction of new roads from town to town. The roads will cause serious erosion problems in the future. The bustle and boom of the tourism industry blindly leads the locals to the bright lights of a market economy and instant profit. If done in a respectful and conservative manner, traveling can create a network of positive relations to nature, culture and people and therefore is an important foundation stone for peace. Traveling can draw the attention of people and governments to values of culture and nature, to necessities for conservation and education programs about other lands, their geographical characteristics and their people. We travel to learn and experience something that is completely different than home. When a trip is organized to include the comforts of home, it hinders oneself from truly experiencing the place. When my mother traveled in India by herself, she felt a sense of discovery. For her, traveling was a chance to step out of her comfort box. As a young woman, eating spicy curries, dodging speeding bicycles, watching Indians bathe in the filthy Ganges River was scary and new. But she commented that such experiences forces us to do something other than what we know. It forces us to change and grow. I also experienced this sense of freedom from an online backpacker website called Travel Times-India. The site recommended that rather than consuming the place and spitting out a production of how we see it, to preserve it as it is. When don’t have familiar places, or get lost, we are given the opportunity to eat in a street stall or take the local bus. This raw and organic experience cannot be found in book or brochure. It isn’t our place to impose our morals and culture, to make it a production of our society. It is important to remember that we are only visitors in the host country and should therefore behave appropriately. Travel is not an opportunity to consume, but rather appreciate and respect. Human curiosity is insatiable. I firmly believe that the need and want to seek out new places, experience unique environments, and encounter foreign societies is essential to our survival. The earth today, however, is different from what it used to be. Today, the world is no longer a place where getting from one region to another is a long, harsh, and enduring journey. In todays world, one can travel from one side of the earth to the other in a matter of hours. This ease of mobility, along with the rapidly improving communication technologies and the globalization of the worlds economies, has truly made our world interconnected. Although most will agree that tourism is a mind-broadening experience, few acknowledge that it can also wreak havoc on the natural environment and its inhabitants. Tourism can ruin landscapes, destroy communities, pollute air and water, trivialize cultures, bring about uniformity, and generally contribute to the continuing degradation of life on our planet. B ut I truly believe that while these conflicts do happen, the point is not to attempt to put a halt to the industry, but to better manage it. The more people who know about and respect unique places and cultures, the less likely destructive habits will continue. The less we consume, the less we produce, the more we can gain from other cultures. You can also order a custom term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation or essay on travel and tourism from our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with quality custom written papers.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Criminological Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Criminological Theory - Term Paper Example Reason for such division of ideas is attributed to the increasing crimes committed these days by hard criminals, gangs and even ordinary teenagers. In the United States, more than 1.4 million cases accounted for violent crimes and about 15,500 homicides were reported (Schaefer, 2006). History has it that several prominent people like President James Garfield, President William McKinley, and President John Kennedy were all assassinated by criminals hired or not. Actors, actresses, singers and other talented individuals were also their easy targets. The irony of being killed and to kill is that it does not select victims. Even teenager these days are linked in killing innocent victims of their age. Recently, several mass shootings took place in workplaces and schools. The massacre in Littleton, Colorado in 1999, in Virginia Tech University with almost 50 victims and in Omaha Westwood Mall shocked a majority of the American population. Such incidences created various reactions and notio ns on crime, criminals involved, and punishments accorded them. To understand criminal events, the following questions are addressed: 1. What are the causes of school shootings? 2. How theories are utilized to predict and prevent the likelihood of similar crime to occur in the future? 3. What are the recommended penalties for the criminals involved in the crime? Body Etiology Crimes happen if criminal laws are violated and that it needs for that act to be penalized. School shootings are a form of crime thus involved teenagers should be held liable for their actions whatever reasons triggered them to do so. Since school shootings became common in the United States, experts start to identify causative factors in the commission of the crime. Accordingly, they believe that one reason is the role of popular Medias such as television, films, video games, and comic books. These kinds of exposure to children and teenagers have a great impact on how they behave within the society. The study of Buckingham (2000) supports such idea in arguing that the media provides a negative influence on children. He further explained that children are no longer protected from the violent world of adults. Gone are the days where films are not as violent these days. It is a common knowledge that modern films today are full of shootings, murders, rape scenes, and other violent scenarios which in turn influence the behavior of children to become aggressive. More so if the shooting is carried out by the main character of the film. The portrayed character is then executed by children either to their family, friends or classmates in school. Children become active agents rather than victims (Chandler, 2004). Although some claim those video games makes the mind of children alert and improves visual attention, not everybody agrees to it. Experts say that such advantages are outweighed with the negative effects it gives the children. Not only video games play a role in obesity, inattentiveness i n school and poor performance but it is implicated in aggressive thoughts and feelings. Video games are good teachers thus children can learn from them easily. The study of Gentile (2009) reveals those teenagers who are exposed to violent video games show desensitization of emotions. This is because they are already used to the violent scenes in

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Modelling of optical parameters for optimum collection of concentrated Dissertation

Modelling of optical parameters for optimum collection of concentrated solar radiation for photovoltaic devices - Dissertation Example Much has been utilized from our important ecosystems such as the forests, fisheries, wetland, fresh water resources, and that we have to move fast and change our course of actions to save the environment and the planet as a whole. The world’s program of action has not improved these past decades because we still depend on fossil fuel; specifically eighty per cent of energy comes from fossil fuels. The threat posed by climate change and global warming is pushing mother Earth to its near end. Industrialisation, consumerism in America and globalisation, among other drivers of change, have pushed and motivated scientists to find ways to address environmental problems which have continued to plague humanity. Constructions of buildings, new inventions and new technologies, have become a race for supremacy among big international organisations. Environmental problems of the world today have been worsened by technology. But we can use technology to save the environment. Fossil fuels a nd coal can be depleted. There will come a time that we’ll lack resources for these forms of energy source. In other words, there must be a way to produce a substitute for fossil fuels and coal, something that is not harmful to the ozone layers and the environment as a whole. Solar energy and other forms of environmentally friendly energy using the wind, the tidal waves, hydro, and other similar forms, must be tapped. The DESERTEC website says that a few hours the earth receives power from the sun is equivalent to a year it can use for its requirements to run factories, industries, businesses, homes, and offices. The deserts of Africa and Arabia can absorb much heat from the sun using mirrors to heat water to produce steam and convert this into energy. With this technology, solar energy is convertible into High Voltage DC current; the technology uses AC current converted into Direct Current using gargantuan transformers and components that store electric currents like capacit ors. (Desertec Foundation, 2009) This paper aims to provide studies and research on solar radiation and how to ‘catch’ the rays of the sun to provide electricity. With this, we focus on what seems to be an emerging, but is quite becoming popular, technology – photovoltaic concentrator

Monday, November 18, 2019

Boxing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Boxing - Essay Example The traditional 'good old English method of deciding a quarrel' had always been to punch one another with bareknuckles, and the English despised the French method of using the feet for kicking, considering it to be unmanly, foreign and cowardly (Savate, 2005). This loathing for kickboxing, or savate, helped boxing to maintain its stronghold in Europe. The individual known as "the Father of Boxing" Jack Boughton, assisted in that growth by developing the first set of rules for the sport. He published those rules in 1743. His rules held sway until 1865 when the Queensbury Rules were written publicized. The Queensbury Rules were created by John Douglass who was the Eighth Marques of Queensbury. He was the person who introduced the three-minute round and the use of regulated boxing gloves. 4. If either participant falls, he must get up unassisted, and is given ten seconds to do so. The other participant must return to his corner while the fallen man attempts to rise. When the fallen man is on his legs, the round is to be resumed until the three minutes has lapsed. If the man does not rise in the ten seconds allowed, the referee awards the win to the other man. 7. 5. A man hanging on the ropes with his toes off the ground is considered down. 6. No seconds in the ring during the round. 7. Should the contest be stopped by any unavoidable interference, the referee names the time and place to finish as soon as possible, so that the match can be won or lost, unless the backers agree to a draw. 8. The gloves are to be fair-sized, new and of the best quality. 9. Should a glove burst or come off, it must be replaced to the referee's satisfaction. 10. A man on one knee is considered down, and if struck is entitled to the stakes. 11. No shoes or boots with springs allowed. 12. The contest is to be governed in all other respects by the revised rules of the London Prize Ring. (Queensbury Rules, 2003)Most experts agree that these rules came into existence primarily due to the 'rough' nature of the sport and the 'fight to the death' mentality. Boxing/pg 3 Joyce Carol Oates, author of On Boxing says; "How can you enjoy so brutal a sport, people sometimes ask me" (Oates, 1987, pg 4). This question has been asked since the sport's beginning and is a question asked many times by those opponents of boxing who advocate a ban on the sport. Oates continues by answering the question in the following manner; "Life is like boxing in many unsettling respects. But boxing is only like boxing" (Oates, 1987, pg 4). Is that the answer to this sport's popularity or is it just part of the complexity of the sport, its participants and its fans There are just as many individuals who advocate continuing the sport as there are opponents to the sport. Each side of a boxing ban espouses good points and each side seems to be ardent in making those points known. This fervency makes for an interesting debate in the matter of a boxing ban.Two such prominent individuals are Dr Adrian Whiteson and Vivienne Nathanson. Dr Whiteson is the Chief Medical Officer for

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Determination of Glucose Concentration Using Trinder Method

Determination of Glucose Concentration Using Trinder Method The Trinder method is used to determine glucose concentration only, (Lott et al, 1975). This method was first described by Trinder in 1969 thus named after him, (Lott et al, 1975). It uses an enzyme glucose oxidase for the first reaction and peroxidase for the second reaction thus the name of the enzyme Glucose oxidase/peroxidase (GODPOD), (Meiattin, 1973). Enzymes are biological or any chemical catalysts that speed up a reaction without it being used up, (Jan, 2010). It functions to catalyse a reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction. Activation energy is the energy needed to initiate the reaction. It is a point of high energy and requires more energy than the substrates. An enzyme also contains an active site for the substrate to catalyse the reaction. Its efficiency depends on the concentration of the substrate and conditions like temperature or pH, (Hames et al, 2005). The Trinder method, is based on two sequential enzymatic reactions, the first one involves the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and H2O2, (Casabnon et al, 2005). This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme Glucose oxidase. Then, the H2O2produced is quantified by a chromogenic reaction with peroxidase (POD), as the enzyme that catalyses the reaction with the reduced dye, (Casabnon et al, 2005). The oxidised dye changes colour to pink or red according to the glucose concentration. The colour formed is stable at room temperature for at least two hours after development, (Anon, 2010). The main advantage of this method is that it is very specific. It doesnt target other sugars except glucose. It is also simple straight forward and easy to manipulate. Its results are very reliable and specific, (Bauninger, 1974). Its final products are stable as they are not reactive at room temperature. Other colorimetric methods to identify glucose include, oxidation of glucose in the presence of Cu+2 to give Cu2O, and different types of Chromatography, (Casabnon et al, 2005). Glucose can be detected with o-toledine or other amines, (Casabnon et al, 2005). The experiment had to check for the specificity of the assay thus other carbohydrates were assayed. These were galactose, fructose, maltose and ribose. Maltose is a disaccharide which is made up of two glucose molecules joined together by a glycosidic bond. Galactose is a major sugar found in milk, (Hames et al, 2005). Its structure consists of six carbons with a glycosidic bond to join the next glucose molecule, (Berg et al, 2007). Fructose is abundant in fruits. It is a monosaccharide with six carbons as its structure. Ribose is a pentose sugar molecule with 5 carbons. It is mostly abundant in the nucleotides. The aim of the experiment was to determine glucose concentration in different concentrated solutions and unknown solutions. The specificity of the assay was to be determined by application of the assay on different sugar molecules. A standard curve was to be drawn from the absorbencies acquired from the spectrophotometer at 515nm Materials 12 Test tubes 2 Long pipette tips 1ml of 0.5mM Fructose 1ml of 0.5mM Maltose 1ml of 0.5mM Galactose 1ml of Unknown Glucose 1ml of 0.5mM Ribose 5ml of 0, 5mM Glucose 5ml of Distilled water 7ml of 0.1% Phenol 20ml of GODPOD Reagent 9 pipette tips 8 Disposable Cuvettes Black Marker Stop watch P100 Pipette Automatic pipette Recoding paper and pen Spectrophotometer at 515nm Water bath at 37oC Test tubes rack Blotting paper Method The test tubes were marked T1 to T6, for those that had to be inoculated with glucose and S1 to S6, for those that had to be inoculated with different types of sugars. They were arranged in order of concentration on the rack. One row was left out for agitating the test tubes. Inoculation commenced by transferring glucose into different test tubes T1being the least concentrated. 0.5mM of Glucose was transferred using a P100 pipette and not changing the tip. 0.2cm3 was inoculated into T2, 0.4 cm3 into T3, 0.6 cm3 into T4, 0.8cm3 into T5 and 1.0 cm3into T6. Distilled water was then inoculated into the test tubes using a different tip to avoid cross contamination. One centimetre cubed was inoculated into T1, 0.8 cm3 into T2, 0.6 cm3 into T3, 0.4 cm3 into T4 and 0.2 cm3 into T5. There was no water inoculated into the last tube T6. Phenol was then inoculated into all the twelve test tubes. It was transferred using a different tip to avoid cross contamination. One centimetre cubed of different sugars were inoculated in specific S tubes. 0.5mM of Galactose was inoculated into S1, 0.5mM of Glucose was inoculated into S2, Glucose unknown was inoculated into S3, 0.5mM of Fructose was inoculated into S4, 0.5mM of Maltose was inoculated into S5 and then 0.5mM of Ribose was inoculated into S6. These transfers were done with different tips for different sugars. One and half millilitres of GODPOD reagent was then inoculated into all the test tubes using an automatic pipette and a long pipette tip. The test tubes were then agitated on the rack and incubated in the water bath for forty minutes. The temperature was constantly checked during incubation. After forty minutes, the solutions changed colour from colourless to light pink according to the concentration. These different solutions were then read on a spectrophotometer in a cuvette. The spectrophotometer was zeroed at first then absorbencies of Glucose and other sugars were read and recorded. A cuvette was wiped on the soft side to minimize absorbencies caused by contamination. These different absorbencies were recorded on a table. Discussion The reactions of glucose with the GODPOD were slow due to the fact that the enzyme was stored in ice thus it took long for the reaction to take place. The enzymes structure was disrupted because it was kept in cold thus it took time to equilibrate with the conditions. The reason why GODPOD was slow to react was because it is sensitive to its environment, (Teal et al, 1985). Enzymes are sensitive to pressure, temperature and pH. This added to the fact that the colour produced was not very dark because the enzyme was adjusting to the conditions. The enzyme also didnt denature because it was kept in ice at 4oC not in the heat above 40oC. On the graph, the points that are not on the line of best fit might have appeared because there might have been a competitive inhibitor thus the reaction didnt go on well owing to reduced absorbance. The inhibitor might have been so because of cross contamination. The same pipette might have been used to transfer the solutions thus cross contamination. The specificity of the enzymes might have caused the other solutions not to produce reliable results. Enzymes are sensitive to pH, (Jan, 2010). The pH of the test tube might have been so low or higher than the required thus some of the points are not in the line of best fit. This might have been avoided by carrying out the experiment repeatedly and then getting average values. When the enzyme was applied to the other sugars, there was no absorbance at all because the enzyme is specific to one substrate thus it didnt catalyse the reaction of other sugars and GODPOD. There might have no absorbance because these sugars might have their own wavelengths they absorb the light. This might have been avoided by scanning the various wavelengths and determine the exact wavelength. The unknown glucoses were determined by the use of the graph. The line of best fit was used to determine the glucose concentration. An equation was used also to determine the concentrations. The other points not on the line of the best fit might be there because the transitional state might have been great, thus when thirty minutes had passed, the enzyme had not gone past the transitional stage. This might have been characteristic of the colours produced according to the concentration of the different solutions. The unknown glucose solutions showed to have the same concentration as the stock solution. It might have the same compounds and properties as the stock solution. The results of the experiment were according to the literature values. This was highlighted by the absorbencies of stock solutions and different sugars. The specificity of the reaction was achieved. In conclusion, the aims of the experiment were achieved by obtain reliable data and results. The standard curve showed the absorbencies of the different solutions and unknowns.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Economic Development In Zimbabwe Essay -- essays research papers

Economic Development in Zimbabwe The country of Zimbabwe is one of the most economically developed on the African continent . A fairly young political entity, Zimbabwe has only enjoyed recognized autonomy since 1980, the year in which the United Kingdom repealed its imperialistic claims to the African nation . Despite its youth the country has achieved a level of economic development uncharacteristic of sub-Saharan African nations. Second only to South Africa in economic development, Zimbabwe's economic system is one indicative of a transitional country, a country making the transition from dependency underdevelopment to self-reliant industrialization. The purpose of this essay is to make a cursory but adequate examination of Zimbabwean socio-economic and political system, as means to analyzing the countries economic development. The ultimate purpose of this study is to provide a model of the structure necessary to achieve economic development where none previously existed. Zimbabwe is an appropriate model because the dynamics of underdevelopment to development in this country are readily apparent. This model can be useful in understanding underdevelopment in other so called "third-world" countries and in determining what is necessary for these countries to make the transition to industrialization. Geography Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in the southern, sub-Saharan area of the African continent bordered by South Africa to the South, Botswana to the West, Mozambique to the East and Zambia to the North. With an area of 391,090 km2 Zimbabwe is only slightly larger than the state of Colorado. Harare is Zimbabwe's capital and largest city with a population of 1,100,000. Containing vast amounts of rare mineralogical resources and possessing a favorable growing climate Zimbabwe's economy is drawn almost equally between the mining of minerals ($2.2 billion) and the production of staples and cash crops ($2.1 billion) . People Zimbabweans are comprised of two primary ethnic groups, the Shona, comprising 74% of the population and the Ndebele comprising 20%. Other ethnic black groups and Asians make up 4% of the population while whites make up just over 1% of the population. Zimbabwe has a population of 10.35 million people with a population density of 24 persons per km2. 1992 census figures estimate Zimbabwe's growth at 3.0% with 90% of this growth ... ...ble workforce. Finally, Zimbabwe participates in non-aligned trade for non-strategic products such as textiles. This greatly reduces the countries chance of becoming dependent on a trade partner. Conclusion In many ways Zimbabwe is a model for third-world economic development. Although not yet fully developed Zimbabwe clearly has the potential to be a full fledged developed nation. Beyond its vast resources Zimbabwe is structured in a way to promote development. This fact in and of itself distinguishes Zimbabwe from most other Lesser Developed Countries (LDC). Zimbabwe's economic structure is one in which they are essentially self-sufficient and trade only for profit or for consumer goods. Also they perform trade with many partners with no single partner comprising garnering more than 15% of import or export goods. By structuring the Zimbabwe's economic system in a way that keeps its partners diversified and its imports non-strategic, Mugabe has successfully led his nation to the path of development. The barriers left to full development are quite minimal compared to the ones already dominated, The structure of Zimbabwe's economic system is truly a model of economic development.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Unit 4, Case Study 4 Skin Cancer

I have researched many different Web-cites and articles to try and determine what role genetics plays in skin cancer. Yes there are certain genetic mutations that are inherited, or passed through the germ-line, but the main cause of skin cancer is UV radiation which is an environmental genetic defect. Many cancers begin when one or more genes in a cell are mutated, creating an abnormal protein or no protein at all. The information provided by an abnormal protein is different from that of a normal protein, which can cause cells to multiply uncontrollably and become cancerous.CDKN2A- mutations in this regulator of cell division are the most common causes of inherited melanoma. They are however still very uncommon overall and can appear in non-inherited cases. People who have this often have a large number of irregularly shaped moles and are often diagnosed at a relatively young age. The MC1R gene provides instructions for making a protein called the melanocortin 1 receptor. The recepto r is primarily located on the surface of melanocytes, which are specialized cells that produce a pigment called melanin. Melanin is the substance that gives skin, hair and eyes their color.Melanocytes makes two forms of melanin, Eumelanin and Pheomelanin. The amounts of these two pigments help determine the hair color and skin usually the more Eumelanin the darker the hair and skin, also will tan easily. It also protects the skin from UV radiation in the sunlight. The more Pheomelanin the hair is red or blonde, freckles, and light skin that tans poorly, because it does not protect the skin. Which puts them at risk for skin cancer. Many changes in the MC1R gene increase the risk of developing skin cancer, including a common, serious form of skin cancer that begins in melomcytes.Skin damage caused by UV radiation from the sun is a major risk factor for developing melanoma and other forms of skin cancer. These gene mutations germ-lines are passed from parent to child through the MC1R g ene but UV radiation is the highest risk factor for getting skin cancer, and the most common in the most common in skin cancers. People who are genetically susceptible to skin cancer should avoid prolong exposure to the UV radiation from sun light, wear sun screen, and enough protective clothing when outside.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

European Union as an international organization Essay

The European Union cannot be an international organization and it is not a domestic political system. It is a new and unique trend in governance, which transcends the nation – state structure. In the EU the nation – state governments are drifting away from both sub national and supranational systems. This in turn raises questions about the EU’s capacity to govern and its democratic legitimacy. The European Union is composed of democratic nations that aim to achieve peace and prosperity. It is not a nation – state but an international organization with unique features (Europeans united in diversity). However, the events that took place in the period from 1960 to 1970 changed the thinking of federalism by the people. The then French president, Charles de Gaulle was very much interested in nation – state structure in the Europe. However, he rejected the federalist system. Subsequently, the European Council was created in order to take up the matters of the Union with administrative powers. Thus there is no centralized power in the European Union and it was distributed between the primary entities, which do not fall within parliamentary control (Europeans united in diversity). The significant characteristic of the EU is that the decisions taken at the European level are ratified by its Member States in order to establish EU level common institutions, by surrendering their sovereignty on certain specific issues. There is unity in diversity in Europe where there persists a multitude of different traditions and languages. Respecting these shared values, the EU promotes cooperation among the people of Europe and it protects the interests of the individual citizens of Europe. While respecting the sentiments of European citizens, the EU promotes cooperation with external nations without comprising its solidarity and in a spirit of tolerance (Europeans united in diversity). The European Union is a distinct entity. It is not a federation like the United States. Moreover, it is not a simple form of structure as it entails inter – governmental coordination and cooperation. The European Union is composed of a number of Member States. These Member States have combined their individual sovereignty and adopted a system of shared governance, in order to achieve unity and international importance. Nevertheless, as it is noteworthy to mention, these Member States did not relinquish their national sovereignty (McCormick). Further, there is a delegation of powers by the agencies of the European Union, in areas of joint interests, upon which the EU can impose its democratic authority for the benefit of Member States. Thus the European Union is to some extent an intergovernmental organization and to some extent it is a supranational organization. The supranational aspects of the EU include economic policy, social policy, immigration policy and education. The intergovernmental aspects comprises of mutual cooperation between the member states in order to formulate a common foreign policy and security policy (McCormick). The intergovernmental organizations like the United Nations are in general constituted by several states in order to promote voluntary cooperation and coordination amongst them (McCormick). The Member States of such an organization retain their independence and the decisions and agreements taken are not enforceable. The Member States of the European Union do not surrender their sovereignty to it. However, in the supranational organization, Member States are required to surrender their sovereignty in certain key areas to the governing body of the supranational organization (McCormick). Moreover, the Member States are also required to comply with the decisions taken at the supranational level. The Courts would initiate penal actions for violations by the member states. The European Union has both the characteristics of an intergovernmental organization and supranational government. An international organization is an entity which develops voluntary cooperation and coordination among its members (McCormick). Hence the European Union cannot be a truly typical international organization. The normal features and definition of an international organization is narrow in its scope. Therefore, the European Union cannot be compared to an ordinary international organization. The European Union is founded by an international treaty like any other international organization. However, it cannot be construed to be a proper international organization and a very close description is that it is not a state, nor a nation – state; but a characterization of sui generis (Vuorinen). The fundamental characteristic that differentiates the European Union from other international organizations is that it attempts to change the Member States. Integration is the process that brings about the coalescing of state structures. The European Union has several structures combined together some of these structures represent the characteristics of a federal state while other structures resemble an international organization. In the process of evolution, the EU had gone beyond an association of states and became an economic and political union. However, the EU is not a federal state (Vuorinen). The emergence of the European Community was the result of federalist views. Its drafters were of the opinion that federalism would be the solution to the persistent problem of war in Europe. Thus their main objective was to establish a federal state. These efforts resulted in the formulation of the European Coal and Steel Community in the year 1951, which created a common market for the coal and steel industries of that period. The objective of this institution was to combine the important and strategic resources of Europe. Subsequently in 1957 The Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community or EEC and the European Atomic Energy Commission or Euratom (Vuorinen). The federalist creation of the Union was based upon the three important pillars of the EU, namely, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice. These branches of the EU, which do not pertain to any single member state of the Union, aim to promote the common European policy. The federal structure could have operated with a sufficient degree of democracy (Vuorinen). The European Union has been described as an international organization and with the adoption of a constitution it can become a supranational organization in addition to an intergovernmental organization. The Maastricht Treaty of the year 1993 established two types of institutionalized cooperation in the European Community, the Common Foreign and Security Policy or CFSP and cooperation on justice and international issues. Since, the extant system in respect of functioning of the EU involves the surrender of sovereignty by states to the EU in certain areas and the dependence of the member states on intergovernmental cooperation in other areas, it can be describes as a hybrid system (European Union). Issues of international interests of the EU are regulated by the Integration Ministry; some of these issues encompass the cooperation of EU, Nordic legislation and cooperation with the United Nation’s agencies. Extension of such cooperation is frequent to the United Nations Refugee Agency or the UNHCR, the Council of Europe, Intergovernmental Consultations or IGC and the International Organization for Migration or the IOM (The Ministry of Refugee, Immigration and Integration Affairs). Furthermore, the Ministry negotiates with many foreign nations on issues relating to repatriation agreements, other forms of practical cooperation as well as mutual exchange of information. The International Division of the Integration Ministry governs international cooperation and participates in meeting and makes the necessary preparations for meetings and discussions that involve other nations. This Division also prepares meetings in Denmark with regard to issues relating to asylum and immigration. It also makes the necessary preparations for EU casework in national procedure (The Ministry of Refugee, Immigration and Integration Affairs). The destruction and loss of a large number of human lives in the Second World War resulted in European integration, which was expected to put a stop to such killing and destruction. In the year 1950, Robert Schuman, the French Foreign Minister proposed the idea of European integration. The present European Union consists of five institutions with specific goals. These are the European Parliament, which is elected by the citizens of the Member States; the Council of the European Union, which represents the governments of the Member States; the European Commission, which is the executive branch of the EU; the European Court of Justice, which ensures compliance with the EU law by the Member States and the Court of Auditors, which controls and ensures efficient and legal management of the EU budget (The European Union). There are other important agencies, which support these five driving forces of the European Union. They are, the European Economic and Social Committee, which reflects the opinions of the civil society on issues pertaining to economic and social interests; the Committee of the Regions, which is responsible for monetary policies and regulates the euro; the European Ombudsman, which deals with the complaints of individuals in case of breach of law or failure of proper administration by any EU institution or agency and the European Investment Bank, which promotes the objectives of the EU by providing financial support to investment projects. In addition, there are several other institutions to facilitate the smooth functioning of the EU (The European Union). The functionality of the EU is based on the Treaties, which were ratified by the Member States. In the beginning there were only six nations in the EU and these were Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. In 1973 Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom became members of the European Union and subsequently, in 1981 Greece became a member. In the year 1986 Spain and Portugal and in the year 1995 Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the European Union. In the year 2004 the largest expansion of the European Union took place with ten new countries being permitted to become members of the European Union (The European Union). In the beginning, much attention was bestowed on providing cooperation in the areas of trade and economy. Subsequently, the EU became the guardian of the Member States and commenced to deal with a wide range of issues pertaining to all aspects of society and humans. The EU protects the rights of individuals, ensures freedom, security and justice, employment, regional development and environmental protection. For more than fifty years the EU has been catering to the needs of its member states in respect of stability, peace and prosperity. It strived hard to enhance the standard of living of its citizens. It created a single European market, launched the euro or the single European currency and fortified the European Union’s stance on the international platform (The European Union). The European Union plays an important role in the field of international trade. It provides advantageous norms for trade to a large number of developing countries. The EU withdraws the preferential business terms from a country that violates these norms, while dealing with any member state of the EU. Moreover, the EU is the largest single donor of humanitarian and development aid in the world. The financial aid supplied by the EU and its member states comprises sixty percent of the total aid to the world. The EU also provides assistance for reconstructing nations ravaged by war and its aid projects are significant in promoting peace among warring nations and in settling disputes. The foreign assistance programs of the EU are remarkable in respect of the benefits offered to refugees of war and famine. Economic integration in the EU has become a role model for many upcoming trade blocs, which have consequently, sought the support of the EU in their financial reforms. Thus, the EU is an economic giant and a superpower. As a matter of fact, the EU influences the economic activities and policies of most nations of the world and plays a key role in the global economy and occupies the first rank in this area (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity). In the international arena the EU had evolved as a superpower from its very inception. It underwent considerable modifications and later on it expanded itself by establishing common institutions and foreign policy requirements. In 1958, the Rome Treaty founded the European Community and established a legal pedestal on which the EU forged ahead to influence international trade activities, foreign aid programs and diplomatic terms with countries that were not its members. In 1970, the European Political Cooperation was established to facilitate governments to initiate dialogue and promote mutual cooperation with respect to foreign policy matters. In 1987, the Single European Act was developed. In 1993, the EU was institutionalized by the Treaty. The EU is supported by three pillars, the first is the European Community, the second is the New Common Foreign and Security Policy and the third pillar is comprised of by the policies with regard to anticrime and police cooperation (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity). In 1998, the Treaty of Amsterdam had modified the Treaty of European Union. It brought about High Representation for the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The European Security and Defense Identity was supplanted by the European Security and Defense Policy in 1999. This change facilitated the EU to establish a rapid deployment force to maintain peace in the region. The Common Foreign and Security Policy is a set of objectives, procedures and devices formulated to encourage sophisticated joint actions and positions in foreign policy. The CFSP also formed the link between joint actions and civilian foreign policy of the EC. These developments transformed the EU into an international organization in the areas of commerce, trade, aid and diplomatic relations. Moreover, the European Foreign Policy addresses civilian actions, policies, relations, commitments and choices of the EU in international politics (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity). The nature of the EFP controls the competence of the organs of the EU, so as to influence matters pertaining to international politics. As an international actor the EU enjoys a special status in international politics. However, there is still some doubt regarding the nature of the EU because it has no polity and because it is not a state or a territory with fixed borders. There are an array of tests that measure the end results of the foreign policy and decision – making power of the EU. However the scope of the CFSP was not utilized to the fullest extent by the EU. The end results achieved through this instrument clearly establish the prominence and effective role of the EU as an international actor in international politics (The Rationale for Studying the Outcomes of European Foreign Policy Activity).

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The Battle of Bataan - World War II

The Battle of Bataan - World War II Battle of Bataan - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Bataan was fought January 7 to April 9, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Forces Commanders Allies General Douglas MacArthurLieutenant General Jonathan WainwrightMajor General Edward King79,500 men Japanese Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma75,000 men Battle of Bataan - Background: Following the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft began conducting an aerial assault on American forces in the Philippines. In addition, troops moved against Allied positions on Hong Kong and Wake Island. In the Philippines, General Douglas MacArthur, commanding United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE), began making preparations to defend the archipelago from the inevitable Japanese invasion. This included calling up numerous Filipino reserve divisions. Though MacArthur initially sought to defend the entire island of Luzon, prewar War Plan Orange 3 (WPO-3) called for USAFFE to withdraw to the highly defensible ground of the Bataan Peninsula, west of Manila, where it would hold out until relieved by the US Navy. Due to the losses sustained at Pearl Harbor, this was unlikely to occur. Battle of Bataan - The Japanese Land: On December 12, Japanese forces began landing at Legaspi in southern Luzon. This was followed by a larger effort in the north at Lingayen Gulf on December 22. Coming ashore, elements of Lieutenant General Masaharu Hommas 14th Army began driving south against Major General Jonathan Wainwrights Northern Luzon Force. Two days after the landings at Lingayen commenced, MacArthur invoked WPO-3 and began shifting supplies to Bataan while Major General George M. Parker prepared the peninsulas defenses. Steadily pushed back, Wainwright retreated through a succession of defensive lines over the next week. To the south, Major General Albert Jones Southern Luzon Force fared little better. Concerned about Wainwrights ability to keep the road to Bataan open, MacArthur directed Jones to move around Manila, which had been declared an open city, on December 30. Crossing the Pampanga River on January 1, the SLF moved towards Bataan while Wainwright desperately held a line between Borac and Guagua. On January 4, Wainwright began retreating towards Bataan and three days later USAFFE forces were within the peninsulas defenses. Battle of Bataan - The Allies Prepare: Stretching from north to south, the Bataan Peninsula is mountainous down its spine with Mount Natib in the north and the Mariveles Mountains in the south. Covered in jungle terrain, the peninsulas lowlands stretch to cliffs overlooking the South China Sea in west and beaches in the east along Manila Bay. Due to the topography, the peninsulas only natural harbor is Mariveles at its southern tip. As USAFFE forces assumed their defensive position, roads on the peninsula were limited a perimeter route that ran along the east coast from Abucay to Mariveles and then north up the west coast to Mauban and an east-west route between Pilar and Bagac. Defense of Bataan was divided between two new formations, Wainwrights I Corps in the west and Parkers II Corps in the east. These held a line stretching from Mauban east to Abucay. Due to the open nature of the ground around Abucay, fortifications were stronger in Parkers sector. Both corps commanders anchored their lines on Mount Natib, though th e mountains rugged terrain prevented them from being in direct contact forcing the gap to be covered by patrols. Battle of Bataan - The Japanese Attack: Though the USAFFE was supported by a large amount of artillery, its position was weakened due to a tenuous supply situation. The speed of the Japanese advance had prevented the large scale stockpiling of supplies and the number of troops and civilians on the peninsula exceeded prewar estimates. As Homma prepared to attack, MacArthur repeatedly lobbied leaders in Washington, DC for reinforcements and aid. On January 9, Lieutenant General Akira Nara opened the assault on Bataan when his troops advanced on Parkers lines. Turning back the enemy, II Corps endured heavy attacks for the next five days. By the 15th, Parker, who had committed his reserves, requested assistance from MacArthur. Anticipating this, MacArthur had already put the 31st Division (Philippine Army) and Philippine Division in motion towards II Corps sector. The following day, Parker attempted to counterattack with the 51st Division (PA). Though initially successful, the division later broke allowing the Japanese to threaten II Corps line. On January 17, Parker desperately attempted to restore his position. Mounting a series of attacks over the next five days, he managed to retake much of the lost ground. This success proved brief as intense Japanese air attacks and artillery forced II Corps back. By the 22nd, Parkers left was under threat as enemy forces moved through the rough terrain of Mount Natib. That night, he received orders to retreat south. To the west, Wainwrights corps fared somewhat better against troops led by Major General Naoki Kimura. Holding off the Japanese at first, the situation changed on January 19 when Japanese forces infiltrated behind his lines cutting off supplies to the 1st Regular Division (PA). When efforts to dislodge this force failed, the division was withdrawn and lost most of its artillery in the proces s. Battle of Bataan - Bagac-Orion Line: With the collapse of the Abucay-Mauban Line, USAFFE established a new position running from Bagac to Orion on January 26. A shorter line, it was dwarfed by the heights of Mount Samat which provided the Allies with an observation post overseeing the entire front. Though in a strong position, MacArthurs forces suffered from a lack of capable officers and reserve forces were minimal. As fighting had raged to the north, Kimura dispatched amphibious forces to land on the southwest coast of the peninsula. Coming ashore at Quinauan and Longoskayan Points on the night of January 23, the Japanese were contained but not defeated. Seeking to exploit this, Lieutenant General Susumu Morioka, who had superseded Kimura, dispatched reinforcements to Quinauan on the night of the 26th. Becoming lost, they instead established a foothold on Canas Point. Obtaining additional troops on January 27, Wainwright eliminated the Longoskayan and Quinauan threats. Tenaciously defending Canas Point, the Japanese w ere not expelled until February 13. As the Battle of the Points raged, Morioka and Nara continued assaults on the main USAFFE line. While attacks on Parkers corps were turned back in heavy fighting between January 27 and 31, Japanese forces succeeded in breaching Wainwrights line via the Toul River. Quickly closing this gap, he isolated the attackers into three pockets which were reduced by February 15. As Wainwright was dealing with this threat, a reluctant Homma accepted that he lacked the forces to break MacArthurs defenses. As a result, he ordered his men to fall back to a defensive line on February 8 to await reinforcements. Though a victory that boosted morale, USAFFE continued to suffer from a critical shortage of key supplies. With the situation temporarily stabilized efforts continued to relieve the forces on Bataan and the fortress island of Corregidor to the south. These were largely unsuccessful as only three ships were able to run the Japanese blockade while submarines and aircraft lacked the carrying capa city to bring the needed quantities. Battle of Bataan - Reorganization: In February, the leadership in Washington began to believe that USAFFE was doomed. Unwilling to lose a commander of MacArthurs skill and prominence, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered him to evacuate to Australia. Reluctantly leaving on March 12, MacArthur traveled to Mindanao by PT boat before flying to Australia on a B-17 Flying Fortress. With his departure, USAFFE was reorganized into the United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) with Wainwright in overall command. Leadership on Bataan passed to Major General Edward P. King. Though March saw efforts to better train USFIP forces, disease and malnutrition badly depleted the ranks. By April 1, Wainwrights men were living on quarter rations. Battle of Bataan - Fall: To the north, Homma took February and March to refit and reinforce his army. As it regained strength, it began to intensify artillery bombardments of the USFIP lines. On April 3, Japanese artillery unleashed the most intense shelling of the campaign. Later in the day, Homma ordered a massive assault on the 41st Division (PA)s position. Part of II Corps, the 41st was effectively broken by the artillery bombardment and offered little resistance to the Japanese advance. Overestimating Kings strength, Homma moved forward cautiously. Over the next two days, Parker fought desperately to save his crumbling left as King attempted to counterattack north. As II Corps was overwhelmed, I Corps began falling back on the night of April 8. Later that day, seeing that further resistance would be hopeless, King reached out to the Japanese for terms. Meeting with Major General Kameichiro Nagano the next day, he surrendered the forces on Bataan. Battle of Bataan - Aftermath: Though pleased that Bataan had finally fallen, Homma was angry that the surrender did not include the USFIP forces on Corregidor and elsewhere in the Philippines. Massing his troops, he landed on Corregidor on May 5 and captured the island in two days of fighting. With the fall of Corregidor, Wainwright surrendered all remaining forces in the Philippines. In the fighting on Bataan, American and Filipino forces sustained around 10,000 killed and 20,000 wounded while the Japanese sustained approximately 7,000 killed and 12,000 wounded. In addition to the casualties, USFIP lost 12,000 American and 63,000 Filipino soldiers as prisoners. Though suffering from combat wounds, disease, and malnutrition, these prisoners were marched north to prisoner of war camps in what became known as the Bataan Death March. Lacking food and water, prisoners were beaten or bayoneted if they fell behind or were unable to walk. Thousands of USFIP prisoners died before reaching the camps. Following the war, Ho mma was convicted of war crimes relating to the march and was executed on April 3, 1946. Selected Sources: Corregidor Historical Society: BataanHistoryNet: Battle of Bataan - Brigadier General Clyde A. Selleck Commands the Layac LineUS Army: Bataan Death March

Monday, November 4, 2019

What barriers are there to the effective prevention of genocide and Essay

What barriers are there to the effective prevention of genocide and crimes against humanity - Essay Example The media should have special program to spread protection and prevention measures against genocide. Victims protection should be enacted to ensure they are not exposed to more danger and also to be assisted in re-organizing their lives afresh According to Valentino (2003) he argued that there are several barriers to prevention of genocide by the international community. The United States failed to stop the Rwandan genocide until it was too late and by the time they intervened, 800,000 lives had been lost and many persons displaced. Slow and gradual speed of taking action has led to wide spread of genocides in many countries. Scenarios witnessed in Sudan remained unabated, leading to millions losing the lives and property despite the effort to prevent genocides and crimes against humanity in the world. President Clinton apologized to Rwanda expressing regret due to the untimely intervention by the Americans to prevent the mass killing that has gone in history as the worst of the rece nt decades. The international community together with African nations is responsible for this tragedy. All states must be willing to forecast and plan in future on ways of preventing crimes against humanity and genocides. ... Research done on why the international community has failed to fulfill the commitment of protecting humanity has found out that those responsible are high ranked government and military officials. They have well organized militia groups with access to government intelligence hence a big challenge to deal with. Belgium had interest in the country and had trained many Tutsi militias. It can be seen that former colonial masters want to serve their interests by causing genocides while pretending to be committed in maintaining peace (Valentino, 2003). Frate stated that lack of credible justice systems, which do not incorporate ways of addressing traditional injustices, and solving communal. Past injustices committed to victims of wars and the impact of victimization has led to negative results to the efforts being made to prevent genocides and crimes against humanity. Failure to implement laws to prevent these effects has also made it impossible for the efforts made to resolution of the c onflict. Corruption has increased in complexity in society and has become a stumbling block to justice systems by having investigating of offences, prosecution and trial of the offenders compromised. Failure to address community differences by mobilizing the society effectively has increased tension in leading to frequent sprout of conflicts which if not urgently may spread in greater proportions resulting to mass killings and destruction of property. Victims should be protected through criminal laws that are able to advocate for social security by adequately investigating in details the causes of the crimes and the possible way of addressing the differences that caused genocides and how harmony can be brought into the society. Many countries have not

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Research paper proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research paper proposal - Essay Example The two research questions to be explored are: "What is the impact of management style on productivity?† and "How does a reward system influence executive function?" The link between management style and productivity is well recognized (Dorgan, Dowdy, and Pippin, 2006; Michael, 2002). What is more interesting to this researcher is the link between reward systems that managers choose to satisfy their organizational expectations and the impact of these reward systems on productivity. These reward systems grew out of a need to give workers an incentive to complete work satisfactorily. Incentives like bonuses, early time-off, and so forth, motivated workers to produce better results much more quickly than when there were no incentives (Camp and Lambert, 2005; Somaya, 2001; Schraeder and Becton, 2008). Beyond incentives, management and leadership style have been seen to also bring about productivity. There is a relationship between management style and the types of incentives they use that also has a bearing on productivity. There are several management styles that include the authoritarian, the participative and the autocratic and the permissive to name a few. This research seeks to measure the efficacy of the participative management style, both in terms of organizational output and worker satisfaction. In analyzing participative management style, it has been found that this type of leadership is also open to certain reward systems more so than other management styles. It is the hope of this research that a correlation will be found between participative management style, incentives and worker productivity. How these systems impact one another will also be explored. Exploring the relationship between management style and productivity is impossible without having a clear definition of what participative management style is and how managers use reward systems. Generally, authors define participative management as a